Ancient Villages of Upper Mustang

Published On : 19th May, 2025 By Himalayan Dream Team

Upper Mustang, located in the remote trans-Himalayan region of north-central Nepal, is one of the most culturally and geographically unique trekking destinations in the world. Often referred to as the “Last Forbidden Kingdom of Nepal,” this ancient land remained restricted to foreign visitors until 1992, helping preserve its rich Tibetan Buddhist heritage, traditional lifestyle, and mystical atmosphere. Trekking in Upper Mustang offers an extraordinary opportunity to explore medieval villages, sacred monasteries, hidden caves, and dramatic desert-like landscapes shaped by wind and time.

For those seeking an off-the-beaten-path Himalayan adventure, the Upper Mustang Trek delivers a rare blend of natural beauty and spiritual depth. From the walled city of Lo Manthang to the mysterious cave dwellings of Chhoser and the red cliffs of Dhakmar, each stop unveils timeless stories etched into stone and tradition. Ideal for trekkers, cultural enthusiasts, and photographers, Upper Mustang is not just a destination—it’s a journey into a living museum of ancient Nepal-Tibet fusion.

Geography and History of Upper Mustang – A Hidden Kingdom in the Himalayas

Upper Mustang is located in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain ranges, making it one of the driest regions in Nepal. This remote trans-Himalayan terrain is often described as a high-altitude desert, marked by eroded cliffs, deep canyons, barren hills, and vibrant red and ochre rock formations. Unlike the lush valleys of central Nepal, Upper Mustang showcases an arid and dramatic landscape that resembles the Tibetan plateau, offering a surreal backdrop for trekkers and adventure seekers.

Historically, Upper Mustang was an independent kingdom ruled by the Lo dynasty, and its capital, Lo Manthang, still stands as a walled city filled with ancient monasteries and palaces. Deeply influenced by Tibetan culture, the region shares strong historical, linguistic, and religious ties with Tibet. The local people, known as Lobas, have preserved their centuries-old traditions, language, and Tibetan Buddhist practices. Trekking through Upper Mustang is like stepping into a living museum, where the past is very much alive in the customs, architecture, and sacred landscapes of this once-forbidden Himalayan kingdom.

Cultural Significance of Upper Mustang Villages – A Living Heritage of Tibetan Buddhism

The villages of Upper Mustang are not merely stopovers for trekkers—they are the cultural heart of the region and vital to understanding the spiritual identity of this trans-Himalayan land. Rich in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, each village showcases ancient monasteries (gompas), intricately carved mani walls, prayer wheels, and chortens that reflect the deep religious devotion of the local people. From the walled city of Lo Manthang to the cave-dwelling communities of Chhoser, these settlements preserve centuries-old customs, architecture, and rituals that have remained untouched by modernity.

Trekking through Upper Mustang offers a rare opportunity to witness an authentic Himalayan lifestyle that thrives in harmony with its spiritual and natural surroundings. Colorful festivals like the Tiji Festival, masked dances, and oral legends passed down through generations make each village a living museum of Nepal’s Tibetan-influenced culture. These communities are more than destinations—they are custodians of a sacred heritage, offering cultural explorers an immersive and meaningful journey through one of Nepal’s most mystical regions.

Key Villages in Upper Mustang – Cultural and Spiritual Highlights

Lo Manthang – The Walled Capital of Upper Mustang

Lo Manthang is the historical and cultural crown jewel of Upper Mustang. Known as the “Walled City,” it was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Lo and remains a hub of Tibetan Buddhist heritage. Enclosed by high mud-brick walls, the village is home to ancient monasteries such as Jampa Lhakhang, Thubchen Gompa, Chodey Gompa, and Choprang Gompa, each filled with stunning murals and centuries-old scriptures. The Royal Palace still stands at the center, showcasing the architectural grandeur of the former monarchy. Lo Manthang is also famous for the Tiji Festival, a three-day celebration filled with masked dances and rituals to chase away evil spirits.

Until 1992, Lo Manthang was closed to foreigners, allowing it to preserve its medieval charm and spiritual sanctity. Today, visiting this ancient city offers a glimpse into a timeless world, where every alley and structure reflects centuries of Tibetan-influenced culture, untouched by modern change. For trekkers, historians, and cultural enthusiasts, Lo Manthang is the spiritual heart of the Upper Mustang Trek and a destination that defines the region’s unique identity.

Kagbeni – The Gateway to Upper Mustang

Kagbeni sits at the crossroads of Lower and Upper Mustang, serving as the traditional entry point into the restricted area. Positioned dramatically along the Kali Gandaki River, Kagbeni offers stunning views, ancient alleyways, and a deep spiritual atmosphere. The village is known for the Kag Chode Thupten Samphel Ling Monastery, a 15th-century religious site that reflects a blend of Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist culture. Nearby, sacred Shaligram fossils—believed to be manifestations of Lord Vishnu—can be found along the riverbanks, making Kagbeni a revered site for Hindu pilgrims.

Kagbeni also plays a vital role in Tibetan funerary traditions, particularly the practice of sky burials. Its spiritual energy, combined with its historic architecture and narrow, stone-paved streets, creates a deeply immersive experience for visitors. Whether you're beginning your journey into Upper Mustang or simply exploring Mustang’s cultural diversity, Kagbeni is a must-visit village rich in Himalayan history, religion, and natural beauty.

Chhoser – The Village of Ancient Caves

Chhoser, also known locally as Garphu, is famed for its extraordinary cliffside cave dwellings, most notably the Shija Jhong Cave. This five-story cave, carved into a vertical cliff, is believed to date back over 2,000 years and was once used for meditation, shelter, and possibly even burial chambers. The mystique surrounding its purpose continues to attract researchers and travelers from around the world. Chhoser’s landscape is dotted with dozens of such caves, offering a surreal view of ancient survival and ingenuity in the harsh Himalayan environment.

In addition to its caves, Chhoser is also home to Nyiphuk Gompa and Konchokling Monastery, spiritual sanctuaries that reflect the village’s deep Buddhist roots. The locals, primarily engaged in yak herding and farming, maintain a peaceful lifestyle that reflects centuries of tradition. For those trekking through Upper Mustang, Chhoser offers not just stunning geography but an incredible dive into prehistoric life and Tibetan Buddhist legacy.

Ghami – Home of Nepal’s Longest Mani Wall

Ghami is a tranquil and spiritually rich village nestled among Mustang’s iconic red cliffs. It is most famously known for housing Nepal’s longest mani wall, a sacred stone wall inscribed with Buddhist mantras. This spiritual landmark stretches across the village landscape, surrounded by fluttering prayer flags and chortens that enhance the village’s serene and meditative ambiance. Ghami is also home to an important Buddhist monastery, which preserves murals and relics reflecting the deep religious devotion of the local Lobas.

The village is often a stopping point for those on the Upper Mustang trekking route, providing a peaceful environment to rest and connect with the local culture. Beyond its spiritual significance, Ghami offers dramatic views of the Himalayan desert landscape, making it a photographer’s and trekker’s delight. The sense of harmony between nature, faith, and daily life here is a core element of Mustang’s cultural identity.

Tsarang (Charang) – Fortress of Faith and Heritage

Tsarang, also spelled Charang, was once the second most important village in the Kingdom of Lo. Its historical significance is evident in the presence of the Tsarang Palace, an ancient royal residence, and the Tsarang Monastery, a large red-walled gompa filled with statues, murals, and sacred texts. The village’s monastic library houses ancient Tibetan scriptures and manuscripts, offering rare insights into Buddhist philosophy and history.

Surrounded by dry terraced fields and flanked by wind-eroded cliffs, Tsarang presents a striking contrast of spiritual architecture and natural grandeur. It is also one of the few villages in Upper Mustang where you’ll see extensive agriculture. Visitors to Tsarang gain a deep appreciation of Tibetan monastic education, Mustang’s royal lineage, and the enduring simplicity of rural Himalayan life.

Dhakmar – The Red Cliff Village of Legend

Dhakmar is known for its striking red cliffs, which are linked to a local legend involving Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava). According to myth, the blood of a slain demon stained the cliffs when Guru Rinpoche established the nearby Lo Gekar Monastery—one of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in the Himalayas. These crimson rock faces, combined with dramatic skies and silent valleys, create a powerful visual and spiritual experience.

The village is also home to Dhakmar Gompa, a 1200-year-old monastery perched on a cliffside, offering panoramic views and ancient Buddhist artifacts. Dhakmar remains untouched by modern tourism, preserving its authenticity and traditional lifestyle. For those seeking spiritual depth and surreal landscapes, this village is a remarkable highlight on the Upper Mustang Trek.

Chhusang – Where Caves and Cliffs Meet Culture

Located at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki River and Narshing Khola, Chhusang is a peaceful village known for its unique rock formations, vibrant cliffs, and ancient man-made caves. These caves, believed to be ancient meditation retreats or burial chambers, contribute to the mystical energy of the village. The surroundings are equally striking, with narrow canyons, high ridges, and the contrasting presence of green apple orchards.

Chhusang is not just scenic but agriculturally fertile—rare in the arid Mustang landscape. Traditional Tibetan-style houses, ancient gompas, and the warm hospitality of the locals make this village a refreshing and culturally enriching stop. For trekkers, Chhusang offers both natural beauty and a quiet, reflective atmosphere ideal for cultural immersion.

Samdzong – The Lost Village Rediscovered

Samdzong, one of the most remote villages in Upper Mustang, was long abandoned due to extreme water scarcity. However, it gained international attention after archaeologists discovered 1,500-year-old mummified remains and ancient artifacts within its cave complexes. These discoveries offered rare insight into Mustang’s prehistoric civilizations and attracted researchers from across the globe.

Although sparsely inhabited today, Samdzong stands as a powerful symbol of Mustang’s historical depth and resilience. The remains of an ancient fortress and the surrounding caves tell silent stories of a civilization that thrived in isolation. For history buffs, anthropologists, or trekkers seeking a truly off-grid experience, Samdzong is a rare treasure of Upper Mustang.

Best Time to Visit Upper Mustang

Though Upper Mustang lies in a rain shadow and can be trekked year-round, spring (April–May) and autumn (September–October) are the best seasons. These months offer crystal-clear skies, comfortable temperatures, and vibrant local festivals.

Trekking Permits and Requirements

Upper Mustang is a restricted area and requires special permits. Trekking is only allowed with a registered trekking agency and a licensed guide, such as Himalayan Dream Team.

Local Food and Accommodation in Upper Mustang – A Taste of Himalayan Hospitality

Trekking through Upper Mustang offers not just breathtaking landscapes and ancient culture, but also a warm, authentic experience of local Himalayan hospitality. Most villages along the trail feature traditional teahouses—family-run lodges that provide simple yet comforting amenities to trekkers. These teahouses are built in Tibetan-style architecture and are usually equipped with basic but clean rooms, shared bathrooms, and communal dining areas. In the chilly mountain evenings, dining halls are often warmed by yak dung stoves, creating a cozy environment to unwind after a long day of trekking.

When it comes to food, the region serves hearty meals deeply influenced by Tibetan and Nepali cuisine. Trekkers can enjoy traditional dishes such as thukpa (Tibetan noodle soup), momo (steamed dumplings), tsampa (roasted barley flour), and the ever-popular dal bhat (lentil soup with rice). These meals are not only flavorful and filling but also provide the nutrition needed for high-altitude trekking. Dining in Upper Mustang is more than just sustenance—it's a cultural experience, where sharing meals with locals adds depth to your journey through this mystical Himalayan kingdom.

Cultural Etiquette and Travel Tips for Upper Mustang

• Walk clockwise around sacred sites such as stupas, chortens, and mani walls to show respect in Tibetan Buddhist culture.

• Always ask for permission before taking photos of local people, monks, or religious objects and ceremonies.

• Dress modestly, covering shoulders and legs, especially when visiting monasteries (gompas) or attending festivals.

• Do not enter sacred caves or monastic rooms unless invited or guided—these areas are often reserved for religious practice.

• Avoid pointing your feet at religious shrines, monks, or statues when sitting; it is considered disrespectful.

• Refrain from touching religious artifacts or statues, unless clearly permitted—respect their sacred significance.

• Use both hands when giving or receiving items such as gifts, money, or blessings—it’s a sign of politeness.

• Keep your voice low and avoid disruptive behavior near religious sites or during local rituals.

• Support the local economy respectfully by purchasing handmade goods and avoiding hard bargaining in remote villages.

• Practice eco-friendly travel by following Leave No Trace principles—carry your trash, minimize plastic use, and respect water sources.

Conclusion – Why Visit the Villages of Upper Mustang

The villages of Upper Mustang are far more than places to pass through—they are gateways to a world where ancient traditions, sacred landscapes, and spiritual depth coexist in perfect harmony. Each village tells a unique story, woven through centuries of Tibetan Buddhist culture, royal legacy, and resilient mountain life. Whether it’s the walled kingdom of Lo Manthang, the cave dwellings of Chhoser, or the crimson cliffs of Dhakmar, every step through Upper Mustang is a journey into living history.

For travelers in search of authenticity, cultural immersion, and off-the-beaten-path adventure, Upper Mustang offers an experience like no other in Nepal. Its untouched beauty, deeply rooted heritage, and peaceful isolation make it a rare gem in the Himalayas. Visiting the villages of Upper Mustang is not just a trek—it’s a meaningful connection to a timeless Himalayan civilization that continues to thrive against the backdrop of Nepal’s remote northern frontier.